arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 21, 2026 — 19:02:04 EST
In real-time colonoscopy, ground-truth annotations are unavailable at inference, so polyp segmentation models can fail silently. We propose Referee-Based Quality Estimation (RBQE), a reference-free framework measuring agreement between a primary segmentation model and an independently trained referee on the same image. RBQE is...
Enterprises deploy systems, not checkpoints. Usable capability depends jointly on weights, serving route, precision, output contract, and harness, yet all 18 audited benchmarks score advertised model identifiers. We treat this as measurement error and give a protocol that makes it reportable. It has three parts. A gold-blind...
We study pairwise maximin share (PMMS) fairness for indivisible items with additive preferences. We give a polynomial-time reduction from chores to goods that preserves the existence of a PMMS allocation. Together with known nonexistence results for chores, this yields nonexistence for additive goods. In addition, we show that...
This feature article provides an overview of the theoretical foundations for coVariance neural networks (VNNs), i.e., graph neural networks (GNNs) operating on covariance matrices as graphs. Covariance matrices are ubiquitous across domains, and hence, the deployment of GNNs often leverages graphs of pairwise statistical dependencies....
Decentralized exchanges record trading and liquidity provision on public blockchains, but empirical analysis requires interpreting these records and linking them to execution metadata. dexamine is a Python package that parses Uniswap v2 and v3 events on Ethereum. It converts transaction receipt logs into observations of trades and...
Recent advances in topological phases have highlighted the role of symplectic (Krein-space) topology in the classification of bosonic Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BBdG) systems. In this work, we construct a BBdG realization of Hopf topology, which we dub the symplectic Hopf insulator, starting from a microscopic Bose-Hubbard generalization...
Recent video world models generate increasingly realistic and interactive visual experiences, yet lack reliable mechanisms for maintaining persistent world state and enforcing programmable rules over extended interactions. We introduce Programmable World Model, a framework that decouples world-state evolution from visual observation...
A research idea may be novel, coherent, and scientifically plausible, yet its proposed method may remain insufficiently specified for faithful implementation. We study the codification readiness of implementation-facing research-method specifications, defined by whether they provide sufficient methodological information for a...
We prove exact dimensionality of ergodic stationary measures for random $C^1$ diffeomorphisms in the single negative Lyapunov scale setting. Let $ν$ be a Borel probability measure on $\mathrm{Diff}^1(M)$ satisfying a logarithmic $C^1$ moment condition, and let $μ$ be a $ν$-stationary ergodic probability measure. If $λ_{\mathrm{top}} =...
Logic flaws pose significant challenges in the design and implementation of modern, semantically rich systems and applications, impacting security, privacy, and trust. These flaws are inherently tied to business-specific semantics and threat models, making their discovery and reasoning difficult and hard to scale. Real-world systems...
Strong turbulence induces spatial variations in beam intensity that hinder the reconstruction process of many commonly deployed adaptive optics (AO) systems that use gradient-based wavefront sensors (WFS), such as the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) and pyramid wavefront sensor. The nonlinear curvature WFS (nlCWFS) uses...
Violations of Bell's inequalities offer a definitive signal of non-classical (quantum) behavior in local deterministic systems. Yet, in many physical settings where quantum mechanics is expected to play an important role, one cannot construct a Bell-type test using the available observables. Cosmology offers one concrete example,...
We present a simple decomposition of a neural-network-based normalizing flow that naturally uncovers a pivotal statistic (or something close) in the presence of nuisance parameters, based only on a sample generator from the distribution of interest. We show that the statistic is near-pivotal in the sense of minimum average...
We consider the general principles for when deterministic energy harvesting (DEH) is possible. DEH means absorbing energy from a fluctuating source without entropy being absorbed. We show that the symmetry structure of the source--harvester dynamics gives a general route beyond existing examples to identify DEH capable source states....
Galaxy morphology and kinematics encode complementary information about the assembly history of galaxies, but the extent to which they evolve in tandem remains unclear. Tadpole galaxies, characterized by their distinct head-tail morphology and pronounced asymmetry, provide an ideal laboratory for investigating whether strongly...
Image-to-3D models can generate visually compelling 3D assets from a single RGB image, but their geometry is often only loosely constrained by the available observations, limiting their use in applications that require geometric fidelity. In many real-world settings, however, partial geometric observations of the object may be...
Consider a one-dimensional branching Brownian motion. Let $W_\infty(β)$ denote the limit of the additive martingale in the subcritical regime $\lvert β\rvert < β_c$ and $Z_\infty$ be the limit of the derivative martingale at criticality. Madaule (Stochastic Process. Appl. 126 (2016), no. 2, 470--502) established the following...
We prove the gap-entropy conjecture for fixed-confidence best-arm identification with independent unit-variance Gaussian arms, means in $[0,1]$, and a unique optimal arm. For each suboptimal arm $i$, let $Δ_i=μ_*-μ_i$ be its gap from the optimal mean, and write $H=\sum_{i\ne *}Δ_i^{-2}$. Let $p_r$ be the fraction of $H$ contributed by...
We prove the Ding--Song--Sun inequality for continuous spin models on finite ferromagnetic graphs whose even single-site potentials have convex derivatives on the positive half of their domain. This class, introduced by Ellis, Monroe and Newman, includes the $\varphi^4$ and sinh-Gordon potentials. The proof uses a rank-one...
Let $I_a(g)=Q_g+aσ_2(A_g)$, where $A_g$ is the Schouten tensor and $Q_g$ is Branson's $Q$-curvature. On a closed connected manifold of dimension $n\ge4$ with a positive Einstein metric $g_0$, we prove that every smooth metric conformal to $g_0$ with nonnegative scalar curvature and constant $I_a(g)$ is Einstein for $a\ge-4$. This...
We prove that, for every positive integer $n$, the polynomial $C_0+C_1x+\cdots+C_nx^n$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$, where $C_k$ denotes the $k$th Catalan number.
Language generation in the limit asks for valid unseen elements from every exhaustive positive presentation of an unknown infinite language. We characterize this task for arbitrary families over a countable universe. Generation is possible exactly when each target can be assigned a finite positive witness so that the targets activated...
Rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, exhibits remarkable diversity in its varieties, presenting substantial challenges for accurate identification by consumers, traders, and farmers. This complexity often facilitates fraudulent practices, such as the unauthorized mixing of rice types, which...
Using classical conformal divergence identities with a variable reference curvature, we prove four main results. First, we establish a general mean-curvature estimate for conformal metrics on the round hemisphere with $A_g\in\overline{Γ_2^+}$ and positive prescribed $H_2$ data. When $σ_2(A_g)=0$ and the boundary data are...
Foundation vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit broad intelligence about the world, yet translating this intelligence into robot control remains challenging. We present Show-Harness, an Embodied Harness that enables VLMs to "play" robots through a compact semantic interface linking intent to action. Show-Harness exposes discrete...