arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 29, 2026 — 15:17:54 EST
Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to inefficient random poisoning and the use of easily detectable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) triggers....
Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and...
We present a mathematical model that describes the synergistic mechanism of combined Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and Vaccinia Virus (VV). The model captures the dynamic interplay between tumor cells, viral replication, and the interferon-mediated immune response, revealing a `ping-pong' synergy where VV-infected cells produce...
We analyzed optical/near-IR Large Binocular Telescope spectra of 16 sources alerted by Gaia between 2021 and 2024 due to significant photometric variability. Half of the spectra were taken during quiescence and the rest during a burst or at intermediate brightness. Our analysis of their ten-year light curves and...
Discrete diffusion models have recently emerged as a promising alternative to the autoregressive approach for generating discrete sequences. Sample generation via gradual denoising or demasking processes allows them to capture hierarchical non-sequential interdependencies in the data. These custom processes, however, do not assume a...
The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon...
We present a comparative study of three Monte Carlo simulation frameworks -SRIM, GEANT4, and PHITS- for modeling the transport, stopping, and atomic cascade of negative muons in micrometer-scale, multilayer systems relevant to Muon-Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE) experiments at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Using a lithium-ion...
We report an experimental realization of Wilson-Fisher renormalization in driven surface-wave turbulence across Newtonian fluids spanning nearly six decades in Raynolds number. Discrete capillary and gravity turbulence define two universality classes selected by interaction topology: triadic resonances for capillary waves and...
In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction...
The Shifted Boundary Method (SBM) trades some part of the burden of body-fitted meshing for increased algebraic complexity. While the resulting linear systems retain the standard $\mathcal{O}(h^{-2})$ conditioning of second-order operators, the non-symmetry and non-local boundary coupling render them resistant to standard Algebraic...
Traditional speech systems typically rely on separate, task-specific models for text-to-speech (TTS), automatic speech recognition (ASR), and voice conversion (VC), resulting in fragmented pipelines that limit scalability, efficiency, and cross-task generalization. In this paper, we present General-Purpose Audio (GPA), a unified audio...
Short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) is often regarded as a presynaptic filter of spikes, independent of postsynaptic activity. Recent experiments, however, indicate an associative STP that depends on pre- and postsynaptic coactivation. We develop a normative, information-theoretic theory of associative STP. Extending...
The interaction between externally generated turbulence and porous media is central to many engineering and environmental flows, yet the fate of macroscale vortical structures at a porous/fluid interface remains uncharacterized. By numerically simulating the turbulent flow, we investigate the penetration, breakdown, and turbulence...
Pinsker's inequality sets a lower bound on the Umegaki divergence of two quantum states in terms of their trace distance. In this work, we formulate corresponding estimates for a variety of quantum and classical divergences including $f$-divergences like Hellinger and $χ^2$-divergences as well as Rényi divergences and special cases...
The multiaccess coded caching (MACC) system, as formulated by Hachem {\it et al.}, consists of a central server with a library of $N$ files, connected to $K$ cache-less users via an error-free shared link, and $K$ cache nodes, each equipped with cache memory of size $M$ files. Each user can access $L$ neighboring cache nodes under a...
Long Period Transients (LPTs) are a recently identified class of sources characterized by periodic radio bursts lasting seconds to minutes, with flux densities that might reach several tens of Jy. These radio bursts repeat with periodicity from minutes to hours, and they exhibit strong polarization and transient activity periods. To...
Fluorescence microscopy is widely employed for the analysis of living biological samples; however, the utility of the resulting recordings is frequently constrained by noise, temporal variability, and inconsistent visualisation of signals that oscillate over time. We present a unique computational framework that integrates information...
In this paper, we study efficient codebook design for limited feedback in extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems. It is worth noting that existing codebook designs for XL-MIMO, such as polar-domain codebook, have not well taken into account user (location) distribution...
This paper addresses the study of algebraic versions of Farkas lemma and strong duality results in the very broad setting of infinite-dimensional conic linear programming in dual pairs of vector spaces. To this end, purely algebraic properties of perturbed optimal value functions of both primal and dual problems and their...
For approximately solving linear ill-posed problems in Hilbert spaces, we investigate the regularization properties of the aggregation method and the RatCG method. These recent algorithms use previously calculated solutions of Tikhonov regularization (respectively, Landweber iterations) to set up a new search space on which the...
Recent NLP advances focus primarily on standardized languages, leaving most low-resource dialects under-served especially in Indian scenarios. In India, the issue is particularly important: despite Hindi being the third most spoken language globally (over 600 million speakers), its numerous dialects remain underrepresented. The...
As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly accessible to end users, an ever-growing number of inference requests are initiated from edge devices and computed on centralized GPU clusters. However, the resulting exponential growth in computation workload is placing significant strain on data centers, while edge devices remain...
We demonstrate a Doppler thermometer based on direct optical frequency comb spectroscopy of an $^{85}$Rb vapor with a chirped electro-optic frequency comb (EOFC). The direct EOFC Doppler thermometer is accurate to within its approximately 1 K statistical uncertainty. We experimentally compare direct EOFC spectroscopy with conventional...
We define a real-valued distance metric $wd$ on the space $\mathcal{C}$ of short combinatorial games in canonical form. We demonstrate the existence of Cauchy sequences informed by sidling sequences, find limit points, and investigate the closure $\overline{\mathcal{C}}$, which is shown to partition the set of loopy games in a...
We present a statistical study on the origins of the UV continuum and narrow/broad emission lines in little red dots (LRDs), presumably involving active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Leveraging all archived JWST/NIRSpec data, we build a sample of 27 spectroscopically-confirmed LRDs at $5<z_{\rm spec}<7.2$, by requiring broad H$α$ emission,...