arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 28, 2026 — 10:54:21 EST
Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise...
Theoretical developments in relativistic spin hydrodynamics, which describes the macroscopic transport of spin angular momentum alongside other fundamental conserved quantities, have progressed rapidly since the experimental observation of the global spin polarization of $Λ$ hyperons in relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments....
Function-Correcting Codes (FCCs) enable reliable computation of a function of a $k$-bit message over noisy channels without requiring full message recovery. In this work, we study optimal single-error correcting FCCs (SEFCCs) for maximally-unbalanced Boolean functions, where $k$ denotes the message length and $t$ denotes the...
Conjugate scalar transport with interfacial jump conditions on complex interfacial geometries is common in thermal and chemical processes, while its accurate and efficient simulations are still quite challenging. In the present study, a novel treatment of a two-phase interface in the volume penalization method, a kind of immersed...
Manifold fitting aims to reconstruct a low-dimensional manifold from high-dimensional data, whose framework is established by Fefferman et al. \cite{fefferman2020reconstruction,fefferman2021reconstruction}. This paper studies the recovery of a compact $C^3$ submanifold $\mathcal{M} \subset \mathbb{R}^D$ with dimension $d<D$ and...
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning and prediction across different domains. Yet, their ability to infer temporal regularities from structured behavioral data remains underexplored. This paper presents a systematic study investigating whether LLMs can predict time intervals between...
Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a...
Functional dependencies (FDs) are basic constraints in relational databases and are used for many data management tasks. Most FD discovery algorithms find all valid dependencies, but this causes two problems. First, the computational cost is prohibitive: computational complexity grows quadratically with the number of tuples and...
Current multimodal latent reasoning often relies on external supervision (e.g., auxiliary images), ignoring intrinsic visual attention dynamics. In this work, we identify a critical Perception Gap in distillation: student models frequently mimic a teacher's textual output while attending to fundamentally divergent visual regions,...
Scientific and engineering verticals often suffer from data scarcity and strict executability requirements: models must generate not only fluent text, but also syntactically valid, tool-compilable scripts. We present a schema-first alignment framework for building compact, executable domain-specific LLMs in low-resource settings. The...
We explore the cosmological dynamics of a teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet gravity model defined by the torsion scalar $T$ and the torsion-based Gauss-Bonnet invariant $T_{\mathcal{G}}$, deriving modified Friedmann equations for a flat FLRW Universe and corresponding linear scalar perturbation equations. Using a numerical approach, we solve...
Based on the kinetic theory with relaxation time approximation, we investigate the bulk viscosity ($ζ$) and its ratio to shear viscosity ($ζ/η$) of quark matter at finite temperature and chemical potential with the in-medium particle masses derived in the 2+1 flavor Polyakov-loop improved Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. We explore...
Motivated by Calabi's calculation of the second variation sign for locally strongly convex affine maximal surfaces in equiaffine geometry, we first prove that every Calabi extremal surface is also maximal in the Calabi affine geometry. By employing suitably chosen orthonormal frame fields and analyzing the corresponding Codazzi...
Consistency learning with feature perturbation is a widely used strategy in semi-supervised medical image segmentation. However, many existing perturbation methods rely on dropout, and thus require a careful manual tuning of the dropout rate, which is a sensitive hyperparameter and often difficult to optimize and may lead to...
The Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem aims at finding non-conflicting paths for multiple agents from their respective sources to destinations. This problem arises in multiple real-life situations, including robot motion planning and airspace assignment for unmanned aerial vehicle movement. The problem is computationally...
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), role-playing language agents (RPLAs) have emerged as a prominent research focus at the intersection of natural language processing (NLP) and human-computer interaction. This paper systematically reviews the current development and key technologies of RPLAs,...
A central goal in supernova (SN) research is to identify and characterize their progenitors. However, this is very difficult due to the limited archival images with sufficient depth and spatial resolution required for direct progenitor detection and due to the circumstellar dust which often biases the estimate of their intrinsic...
Optimizing communication topology in LLM-based multi-agent system is critical for enabling collective intelligence. Existing methods mainly rely on spatio-temporal interaction paradigms, where the sequential execution of multi-round dialogues incurs high latency and computation. Motivated by the recent insights that evaluation and...
Encryption and Decryption is the process of sending a message in a ciphered way that appears meaningless and could be deciphered using a key for security purposes to avoid data breaches. This paper expands on the previous work on Sudoku-based encryption methods, applying it to other forms of media including images, audio and video. It...
Broadband optical response governs light-matter interactions across photonics, plasmonics, thermal radiation, and quantum fluctuation electrodynamics, yet determining a continuous dielectric function over many decades in frequency typically requires combining multiple spectroscopies, extrapolations, and material models. Here we show...
Vision In-Context Learning (VICL) enables inpainting models to quickly adapt to new visual tasks from only a few prompts. However, existing methods suffer from two key issues: (1) selecting only the most similar prompt discards complementary cues from other high-quality prompts; and (2) failing to exploit the structured information...
Multi-robot systems can greatly enhance efficiency through coordination and collaboration, yet in practice, full-time communication is rarely available and interactions are constrained to close-range exchanges. Existing methods either maintain all-time connectivity, rely on fixed schedules, or adopt pairwise protocols, but none adapt...
Modeling yield stress fluids in complex flow scenarios presents significant challenges, particularly because conventional rheological characterization methods often yield material parameters that are not fully representative of the intricate constitutive behavior observed in complex conditions. We propose a Bayesian uncertainty...
Large language models (LLMs) are challenging to deploy for domain-specific tasks due to their massive scale. While distilling a fine-tuned LLM into a smaller student model is a promising alternative, the capacity gap between teacher and student often leads to suboptimal performance. This raises a key question: when and how can a...
We establish various upper bounds on Type-I and Type-II shifted bilinear sums with Salié sums modulo a large prime $q$. We use these bounds to study, for fixed integers $a,b\not \equiv 0 \bmod q$, the distribution ofsolutions to the congruence $x^2 \equiv ap+b \bmod q$, over primes $p\le P$. This is similar to the recently studied...