arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 28, 2026 — 02:07:17 EST
This paper explores the suspicious alignment phenomenon in stochastic gradient descent (SGD) under ill-conditioned optimization, where the Hessian spectrum splits into dominant and bulk subspaces. This phenomenon describes the behavior of gradient alignment in SGD updates. Specifically, during the initial phase of SGD updates, the...
This paper presents thorough mathematical modeling, control law development, and simulation of virtual structure formations which are inspired by the characteristics of rigid bodies. The stable constraint forces that establish the rigidity in the formation are synthesized by utilizing d'Alembert's principle of virtual work, constraint...
We revisit the recent work of Huang on the superradiant stability of Kerr black holes coupled to massive scalar fields. While their analysis provides sufficient conditions for stability, it imposes an unnecessarily strong requirement by demanding that two roots of the relevant quartic equation be explicitly negative. By instead...
Groundwater vulnerability is a major concern in arid regions worldwide, where population growth and intensive agriculture increase the risks of depletion and contamination. This study proposes a hybrid groundwater vulnerability assessment framework that improves the conventional DRASTIC model by integrating land-use data and applying...
We present the first comprehensive analysis of ARM MTE hardware performance on four different microarchitectures: ARM Big (A7x), Little (A5x), and Performance (Cortex-X) cores on the Google Pixel 8 and Pixel 9, and on Ampere Computing's AmpereOne CPU core. We also include preliminary analysis of MTE on Apple's M5 chip. We investigate...
Recent research raises the possibility that 3 and 7 million years ago, the Sun encountered massive clouds that shrank the heliosphere--the solar cocoon protecting our solar system--exposing Earth to its interstellar environment, in agreement with geological evidence from 60Fe and 244Pu isotopes. Here we show that during such...
EP J171159.4-333253 is a new neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary discovered in outburst by the Einstein Probe (EP) on 2025 June 23, exhibiting clocked type-I X-ray bursts, eclipses and dips. In this paper, we report on the results of the X-ray spectral and timing analyses for EP J171159.4-333253 using data collected by EP and NuSTAR...
The enterprise governance of Generative AI (GenAI) in regulated sectors, such as Human Resources (HR), demands scalable yet reproducible auditing mechanisms. While Large Language Model (LLM)-as-a-Judge approaches offer scalability, their reliability in evaluating adherence of different types of system instructions remains unverified....
Generalized Disjunctive Programming (GDP) provides a powerful framework for combining algebraic constraints with logical disjunctions. To solve these problems, mixed-integer reformulations are required, but traditional reformulation schemes, such as Big-M and Hull, either yield a weak continuous relaxation or result in a bloated model...
Autonomous vehicles must remain safe and effective when encountering rare long-tailed scenarios or cyber-physical intrusions during driving. We present RAIL, a risk-aware human-in-the-loop framework that turns heterogeneous runtime signals into calibrated control adaptations and focused learning. RAIL fuses three cues (curvature...
A measurement of $t\bar{t}$ production is presented in the invariant-mass region near the pair production threshold, $m_{t\bar{t}} \sim 345$ GeV, in final states with two charged leptons and multiple jets. The measurement is based on $140\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data collected at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the...
Unsupervised domain adaptation for object detection addresses the adaption of detectors trained in a source domain to work accurately in an unseen target domain. Recently, methods approaching the alignment of the intermediate features proven to be promising, achieving state-of-the-art results. However, these methods are laborious to...
The rapid proliferation of LLMs has created a critical evaluation paradox: while LLMs claim multilingual proficiency, comprehensive non-machine-translated benchmarks exist for fewer than 30 languages, leaving >98% of the world's 7,000 languages in an empirical void. Traditional benchmark construction faces scaling challenges such as...
As AI increasingly enters the classroom, what changes when students collaborate with algorithms instead of peers? We analyzed 36 undergraduate students learning graph theory through peer collaboration (n=24) or AI assistance (n=12), using discourse analysis to identify interaction patterns shaping learning outcomes. Results reveal a...
Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have revealed remarkable generative capabilities and emerging self-regulatory mechanisms, including self-correction and self-rewarding. However, current detoxification techniques rarely exploit these built-in abilities; instead, they rely on external modules, labor-intensive data...
Autonomous materials science, where active learning is used to navigate large compositional phase space, has emerged as a powerful vehicle to rapidly explore new materials. A crucial aspect of autonomous materials science is exploring new materials using as little data as possible. Gaussian process-based active learning allows...
Network defenders face a steady stream of attacks, observed as raw Intrusion Detection System (IDS) alerts. The sheer volume of alerts demands prioritization, typically based on high-level risk classifications. This work expands the scope of risk measurement by examining alerts not only through their technical characteristics but also...
Chiroptical enantioselective sensing is gaining traction across various applications. However, intrinsic molecular chiroptical responses are weak, and existing amplification approaches add synthesis, manufacturing, or operational complexity that limits sensitivity, scalability, and dynamic control. Here, we present a fundamentally new...
In this article we continue the investigation of the length of the narrow $2$-class field tower of real quadratic number fields $\mathrm{k}$ whose discriminants are not a sum of two squares and for which their $2$-class groups are elementary of order $4$. Letting $\mathrm{G}$ equal the Galois group of the second Hilbert narrow...
Recent advance in feed-forward 3D Gaussian splatting has enable remarkable multi-view 3D scene reconstruction or single-view 3D object reconstruction but single-view 3D scene reconstruction remain under-explored due to inherited ambiguity in single-view. We present \textbf{studentSplat}, a single-view 3D Gaussian splatting method for...
Linearized shallow neural networks that are constructed by fixing the hidden-layer parameters have recently shown strong performance in solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Such models, widely used in the random feature method (RFM) and extreme learning machines (ELM), transform network training into a linear least-squares...
While logic locking has been extensively studied as a countermeasure against integrated circuit (IC) supply chain threats, recent research has shifted toward reconfigurable-based redaction techniques, e.g., LUT- and eFPGA-based schemes. While these approaches raise the bar against attacks, they incur substantial overhead, much of...
Visual search is critical for e-commerce, especially in style-driven domains where user intent is subjective and open-ended. Existing industrial systems typically couple object detection with taxonomy-based classification and rely on catalog data for evaluation, which is prone to noise that limits robustness and scalability. We...
In last two years, large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in code generation, including hardware design at register-transfer level (RTL). While their use in high-level synthesis (HLS) remains comparatively less mature, the ratio of HLS- to RTL-focused studies has shifted from 1:10 to 2:10 in the past six months,...
Reliable fundamental frequency (F 0) and voicing estimation is essential for neural synthesis, yet many pitch extractors depend on large labeled corpora and degrade under realistic recording artifacts. We propose a lightweight, fully self-supervised framework for joint F 0 estimation and voicing inference, designed for rapid...