arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through July 28, 2026 — 10:04:57 EST
Running up stairs is effortless for humans but remains extremely challenging for humanoid robots due to the simultaneous requirements of high agility and strict stability. Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) can generate dynamic locomotion, yet implicit stability rewards and heavy reliance on task-specific reward shaping tend to...
Recruitment dynamics, or the distribution of the number of offspring among individuals, is central for understanding ecology and evolution. Sweepstakes reproduction (heavy right-tailed offspring number distribution) is central for understanding the ecology and evolution of highly fecund natural populations. Sweepstakes reproduction...
In this paper we present a compact test facility for the measurement of optical properties of liquid argon as scintillator. The setup is under preparation at Roma Tre and it has a volume of 40 L liquid argon, which is liquefied from argon gas with a purity of $\ge 99.9999\%$ vol. To readout the scintillation photons from liquid argon...
Polar codes can be viewed as decreasing monomial codes, revealing a rich algebraic structure governed by the lower-triangular affine (LTA) group. We develop a general framework to compute the Hamming weight of codewords generated by sums of monomials, express these weights in a canonical dyadic form, and derive closed expressions for...
The bending of radio galaxies in galaxy clusters is expected to be caused by interactions with the local environment. The physical processes responsible for jet bending, and their influence on the polarization properties of radio galaxies, remain poorly understood, leading to the question of whether jet properties in bent radio...
We investigate the class of sequences $w(n)$ that can serve as almost-everywhere convergence Weyl multipliers for all rearrangements of multiple trigonometric systems. We show that any such sequence must satisfy the bounds $\log n\lesssim w(n)\lesssim\log^2 n$. Our main result establishes a general equivalence principle between...
We derive an Ito-type change-of-variables formula for Volterra Gaussian processes (including fractional Brownian motion with any Hurst parameter), based on the operator factorization framework. The Ito correction is expressed as a Stieltjes integral against the energy function Gamma^X(t) := ||Pi DX_t||_H^2, which equals E[X_t^2] for...
Large graph datasets make training graph neural networks (GNNs) computationally costly. Graph condensation methods address this by generating small synthetic graphs that approximate the original data. However, existing approaches rely on clean, supervised labels, which limits their reliability when labels are scarce, noisy, or...
Dimension reduction is a fundamental tool for analyzing high-dimensional data in supervised learning. Traditional methods for estimating intrinsic order often prioritize model-specific structural assumptions over predictive utility. This paper introduces predictive order determination (POD), a model-agnostic framework that determines...
Wearable devices enable continuous, population-scale monitoring of physiological signals, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), creating new opportunities for data-driven clinical assessment. Time-series extrinsic regression (TSER) models increasingly leverage PPG signals to estimate clinically relevant outcomes, including heart rate,...
Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora...
We investigate the experimental prospects for testing a relativistic local quantum measurement inequality that quantifies the trade-off between vacuum insensitivity and responsiveness to excitations for finite-size detectors. Building on the Reeh--Schlieder approximation for coherent states, we derive an explicit and practically...
In the $(L,K,M,N)$ cache-aided multiple-input single-output (MISO) broadcast channel (BC) system, the server is equipped with $L$ antennas and communicates with $K$ single-antenna users through a wireless broadcast channel where the server has a library containing $N$ files, and each user is equipped with a cache of size $M$ files....
Many economically relevant variables (risk, confidence, uncertainty) are latent and therefore not directly observable, which creates identification challenges in applied regressions. This text formalizes how omitting latent factors generates omitted-variable bias and discusses when including a proxy variable can mitigate it. We...
Waring's problem has a long history in additive number theory. In its original form it deals with the representability of every positive integer as sum of $k$-th powers with integer $k$. Instead of these powers we deal with pseudo-polynomials in this paper. A pseudo-polynomial is a ``polynomial'' with at least one exponent not being...
In the braneworld scenario, we introduce a uniformly distributed cloud of infinitely long strings in the five dimensional AdS bulk spacetime. The end points of the strings are attached to the brane and becomes the source of the four dimensional matter on the brane, while the body of the strings hang onto the radial direction of the...
We propose Strategy-aware Surprise (SuS), a novel intrinsic motivation framework that uses pre-post prediction mismatch as a novelty signal for exploration in reinforcement learning. Unlike traditional curiosity-driven methods that rely solely on state prediction error, SuS introduces two complementary components: Strategy Stability...
Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss...
The pursuit of unprecedented sensitivity in quantum enhanced metrology has spurred interest in non-equilibrium quantum phases of matter and their symmetry breaking. In particular, criticality-enhanced metrology through time-translation symmetry breaking in many-body systems, a distinct paradigm compared to spatial symmetry breaking,...
This paper develops from scratch a theory of Galois rings and orders over arbitrary fields. Our approach is different from others in the literature in that there is no non-modularity assumption. We prove, when the field is algebraically closed, the analogue of the Main Theorem of the representation theory of Galois orders by V....
Pitch shifting has been an essential feature in singing voice production. However, conventional signal processing approaches exhibit well known trade offs such as formant shifts and robotic coloration that becomes more severe at larger transposition jumps. This paper targets high quality pitch shifting for singing by reframing it as a...
Understanding Earth's core dynamics over millennial timescales requires models that jointly describe the evolution of the geomagnetic field and core surface flow, while accommodating the sparse, irregular, and uncertain nature of archaeomagnetic and palaeomagnetic data. We present a new Bayesian core field and core flow modelling...
Modern coding scaffolds turn LLMs into capable software agents, but their ability to follow scaffold-specified instructions remains under-examined, especially when constraints are heterogeneous and persist across interactions. To fill this gap, we introduce OctoBench, which benchmarks scaffold-aware instruction following in...
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of...
Distributed storage systems must handle both data heterogeneity, arising from non-uniform access demands, and device heterogeneity, caused by time-varying node reliability. In this paper, we study convertible codes, which enable the transformation of one code into another with minimum cost in the merge regime, addressing the latter....