arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 23, 2026 — 00:38:36 EST
Chemical interactions between the hydrogen-dominated envelopes and silicate-rich interiors of sub-Neptunes likely play a key role in shaping their atmospheric structure, mass-radius relations, and upper atmosphere composition. While atmospheric abundances and structure deeply influence each other, many existing models have either...
In particle physics, discovery claims conventionally require an observed significance exceeding $5σ$. However, the interpretation of a $5σ$ result depends critically on the testing procedure, namely whether the hypothesis is tested at a single pre-specified point in parameter space or by scanning over a range of possible signal...
We develop natural parametric (NatPar) insurance as the natural next step from natural-catastrophe (NatCat) modelling: the same hazard-exposure-vulnerability-finance machinery, with a parametric index made contractual in place of indemnity loss adjustment. Our aim is practical - a standard approach inspired by how the...
Group-relative reinforcement learning waits for sibling rollouts of the same prompt, which is costly for long and variable tool-use trajectories. Single-stream Policy Optimization (SPO) removes this dependency with a persistent prompt-level value estimate, but its recipe whitens one advantage per trajectory before optimizing a...
Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a finite central real hyperplane arrangement and let $\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{A})$ be its tope graph. Koizumi recently proved that the crossing-graded magnitude homology of $\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{A})$ is torsion-free and is freely indexed by face flags. We refine his result by proving that a fixed crossing vector and...
We study the Ising model on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ with $d\geq 4$ and derive near-critical bounds on the truncated two-point function $\langleσ_0;σ_x\rangle_{β,h} := \langleσ_0σ_x\rangle_{β,h} - \langleσ_0\rangle_{β,h}\langleσ_x\rangle_{β,h}$ at parameters $β\leqβ_c$ and $h\geq 0$. As a corollary, we obtain that the associated mass (or...
The design of disordered point patterns with desirable properties is an exciting and ongoing research endeavor, with applications ranging from materials to computer science. A successful approach in recent years has been the optimization of point patterns through a loss function that enforces properties in their Fourier-space...
Affine modular linear hashing is one of the simplest classical hash families. For a prime $p > u$, the hash function is obtained by choosing $s,t$ uniformly from $\mathbb{Z}_p$ and mapping each key $x \in \{0,\ldots,u-1\}$ to one of $n$ bins by $h(x) = [(sx+t) \bmod p] \bmod n$. Despite its simplicity, the maximum load of linear...
Lipschitz constants are a standard way to quantify the sensitivity of neural networks to small input perturbations, but computing them is difficult even for shallow ReLU networks. We study this problem for two-layer input-convex neural networks (ICNNs), a restricted architecture where nonnegative output weights enforce convexity....
The topology of the electronic structure for an avoided crossing and a conical intersection (CI) is different and is characterized by the presence of the geometric phase in the electronic wavefunction in the latter. Using the linear Jahn-Teller model, we show that an avoided crossing can be created from the conical intersection while...
For $N\ge2$ and $β>0$, consider the canonical 2D Coulomb gas ensemble \begin{equation} \mathrm{d}\mathbb{P}_{N,β}(Z) =\mathsf{Z}_{N,β}^{-1}e^{-β|Z|^2/2} \prod_{i<j}|z_i-z_j|^{β/N}\,\mathrm{d}Z \qquad\text{on }\mathbb{C}^N. \end{equation} The factor $N^{-1}$ in the pair exponent places the ensemble at the diffusive, or...
The emergence of Galactic PeV astronomy makes photon--photon ($γγ$) absorption an increasingly important component of gamma-ray data analysis. In this work, the Galactic Photon Survival Probability (GPSP) atlas is presented as the first Galactic framework describing gamma-ray survival probabilities over the full parameter space...
Let $G$ be a graph of order $n$ with eigenvalues $λ_1(G) \geq \dots \geq λ_n(G)$, and let $s_+(G)=\sum_{λ_i(G)>0}λ_i(G)^2.$ Recently Liu, Tang, and Zhang proved the positive square-energy strengthening of Turán's theorem \[\sqrt{s_+(G)}\leq \left(1-\frac1r\right)n.\] where $r=ω(G)$ is the clique number of $G$. We characterize the...
A machine learning-assisted framework for the inverse design of pixelated millimetre-wave patch antennas targeting the 22--30 GHz band is presented. The antenna surface is represented as a 19x23 binary pixel grid on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate, where each pixel is either metal or empty, with a continuous electrical path from the...
Dynamic operating envelopes (DOEs) are increasingly used to publish time-varying export limits that keep distribution networks within operational limits. Purely technical DOE allocation, however, can systematically privilege electrically favorable prosumers, while embedding fairness directly into a single-period optimal power flow...
Design-space exploration of configurable Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) requires executable evaluation when design choices affect timing, fault propagation, recovery behavior, and temporal-property satisfaction. Repeated stochastic executions make exhaustive exploration impractical for large design spaces. This paper presents a...
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a promising technology for improving communication reliability in radar-communication coexistence (RCC) scenarios, particularly for communication users (CUs) located inside radar exclusion zones, where only the radar is permitted to operate and the two systems remain...
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) consist of sensors, controllers, and actuators through communication and physical interactions, making them vulnerable to attacks on measurements, control logic, and equipment operation. Graph-based attack detectors, especially graph attention models, can localize such attacks by learning edge-adaptive...
This paper develops a direct data-driven framework for robust positively invariant (RPI) set synthesis for unknown linear time-invariant systems under state-feedback and observer-based output-feedback scenarios. The feedback and observer gains, along with the RPI sets, are directly synthesized from noisy offline data by solving...
This paper presents a fully reconfigurable RF vector modulator (RFVM)-based phase shifter for wideband beamforming phased array of 6G/NextG satellite communication (SATCOM). It covers the frequency range from S-band up to Ku-band. Specifically, the proposed RFVM features a novel vector modulation approach that relaxes the frequency...
This paper describes a fuel blending algorithm based on artificial intelligence and model predictive control. A gas-fired power plant was modeled using physical laws and on-site measurements. A neural network is used to calculate the methane number of the fuel and determine the fuel blending ratio limits so that the methane number is...
This paper addresses the fundamental design problem of plug-and-play distributed energy resource (DER) systems, which are emerging as a scalable solution for integrating distributed generation through user-driven connection of modular units. In such systems, the number of connected units is not fixed but dynamically varies due to user...
Dual-Orthogonality waveforms are multi-antenna signaling schemes that enforce mutual orthogonality across transmit channels and over a prescribed set of delay shifts. By relaxing strict time orthogonality to the physically admissible propagation region, they preserve full-band operation per transmit antenna while embedding...
We consider a multistatic radio-frequency imaging problem with anisotropy, in which the reflection from a point depends on the positions of the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) arrays. The goal is to label the voxels of a field of view by a finite set of semantic classes and to group them into object instances. For the image formation...
Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) has become a standard methodology in flight control law design. It offers an intuitive approach to decouple commanded variable responses, handle system nonlinearities, and adapt to operating conditions. NDI also comes with a well-structured architecture that reduces design effort by addressing various...