2026-01-21 11:16 UTC · nucl-ex · nucl-ex, hep-ex, hep-th, nucl-th
Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{*0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
STAR Collaboration, B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, G. Agakishiev, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. Aitbayev, I. Alekseev, E. Alpatov, A. K. Alshammri, A. Aparin, S. Aslam, J. Atchison, G. S. Averichev, V. Bairathi, X. Bao, P. Barik, K. Barish, S. Behera, P. Bhagat, A. Bhasin, S. Bhatta, I. G. Bordyuzhin, J. D. Brandenburg, A. V. Brandin, C. Broodo, X. Z. Cai, H. Caines, M. Calderón~de~la~Barca~Sánchez, D. Cebra, J. Ceska, I. Chakaberia, Y. S. Chang, Z. Chang, A. Chatterjee, D. Chen, J. H. Chen, L. Chen, Q. Chen, W. Chen, Z. Chen, J. Cheng, Y. Cheng, W. Christie, X. Chu, S. Corey, H. J. Crawford, G. Dale-Gau, A. Das, D. De Souza Lemos, T. G. Dedovich, I. M. Deppner, A. A. Derevschikov, A. Deshpande, A. Dhamija, A. Dimri, P. Dixit, X. Dong, J. L. Drachenberg, E. Duckworth, J. C. Dunlop, Y. S. El-Feky, J. Engelage, G. Eppley, S. Esumi, O. Evdokimov, O. Eyser, B. Fan, Y. Fang, R. Fatemi, S. Fazio, H. Feng, Y. Feng, E. Finch, Y. Fisyak, F. A. Flor, B. Fu, C. Fu, T. Fu, T. Gao, Y. Gao, G. Garcia, F. Geurts, A. Gibson, A. Giri, K. Gopal, X. Gou, D. Grosnick, A. Gu, J. Gu, A. Gupta, A. Hamed, R. J. Hamilton, J. Han, X. Han, M. D. Harasty, J. W. Harris, H. Harrison-Smith, L. B. Havener, X. H. He, Y. He, C. Hu, Q. Hu, Y. Hu, H. Huang, H. Z. Huang, S. L. Huang, T. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, M. Isshiki, W. W. Jacobs, A. Jalotra, C. Jena, Y. Ji, J. Jia, X. Jiang, C. Jin, Y. Jin, N. Jindal, X. Ju, E. G. Judd, S. Kabana, D. Kalinkin, J. Kang, K. Kang, A. R. Kanuganti, D. Kapukchyan, K. Kauder, D. Keane, A. Kechechyan, M. Kesler, A. Khanal, A. Khanal, J. Kim, A. Kiselev, A. G. Knospe, L. Kochenda, Y. Kong, A. A. Korobitsin, B. Korodi, A. Yu. Kraeva, P. Kravtsov, L. Kumar, M. C. Labonte, R. Lacey, J. M. Landgraf, C. Larson, A. Lebedev, R. Lednicky, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Leung, C. Li, D. Li, H-S. Li, H. Li, H. Li, H. Li, W. Li, X. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Li, X. Liang, T. Lin, Y. Lin, C. Liu, G. Liu, H. Liu, L. Liu, L. Liu, Z. Liu, Z. Liu, T. Ljubicic, O. Lomicky, E. M. Loyd, T. Lu, J. Luo, X. F. Luo, V. B. Luong, L. Ma, R. Ma, Y. G. Ma, N. Magdy, R. Manikandhan, O. Matonoha, K. Menduli, K. Mi, N. G. Minaev, B. Mohanty, B. Mondal, M. M. Mondal, I. Mooney, D. A. Morozov, M. I. Nagy, C. J. Naim, A. S. Nain, J. D. Nam, M. Nasim, H. Nasrulloh, E. Nedorezov, J. M. Nelson, M. Nie, G. Nigmatkulov, T. Niida, L. V. Nogach, T. Nonaka, G. Odyniec, A. Ogawa, S. Oh, V. A. Okorokov, K. Okubo, B. S. Page, M. Pal, S. Pal, A. Pandav, A. Panday, A. K. Pandey, Y. Panebratsev, T. Pani, P. Parfenov, A. Paul, S. Paul, C. Perkins, S. Ping, I. D. Ponce Pinto, M. Posik, E. Pottebaum, A. Povarov, S. Prodhan, T. L. Protzman, N. K. Pruthi, J. Putschke, Y. Qi, Z. Qin, H. Qiu, C. Racz, S. K. Radhakrishnan, A. Rana, R. L. Ray, C. W. Robertson, O. V. Rogachevsky, M. A. Rosales Aguilar, D. Roy, L. Ruan, A. K. Sahoo, N. R. Sahoo, H. Sako, S. Salur, S. S. Sambyal, E. Samigullin, D. T. Samuel, J. K. Sandhu, S. Sato, B. C. Schaefer, N. Schmitz, J. Seger, R. Seto, P. Seyboth, N. Shah, E. Shahaliev, P. V. Shanmuganathan, T. Shao, M. Sharma, N. Sharma, R. Sharma, S. R. Sharma, A. I. Sheikh, D. Shen, D. Y. Shen, K. Shen, S. Shi, Y. Shi, Shilpa, E. Shulga, F. Si, J. Singh, S. Singha, P. Sinha, M. J. Skoby, Y. Söhngen, Y. Song, T. D. S. Stanislaus, M. Strikhanov, Y. Su, X. Sun, Y. Sun, B. Surrow, D. N. Svirida, Z. W. Sweger, A. C. Tamis, A. H. Tang, Z. Tang, A. Taranenko, T. Tarnowsky, J. H. Thomas, A. Timofeev, D. Tlusty, M. V. Tokarev, D. Torres-Valladares, S. Trentalange, O. D. Tsai, C. Y. Tsang, Z. Tu, J. E. Tyler, T. Ullrich, D. G. Underwood, G. Van Buren, A. N. Vasiliev, F. Videbæk, S. Vokal, S. A. Voloshin, F. Wang, G. Wang, G. Wang, J. S. Wang, J. Wang, K. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J. C. Webb, P. C. Weidenkaff, G. D. Westfall, H. Wieman, G. Wilks, S. W. Wissink, C. P. Wong, J. Wu, X. Wu, X. Wu, X. Wu, B. Xi, Y. Xiao, Z. G. Xiao, G. Xie, W. Xie, H. Xu, N. Xu, Q. H. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, G. Yan, Z. Yan, C. Yang, Q. Yang, S. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yi, Y. Yu, W. Yuan, W. Zha, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, K. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Zhao, S. Zhou, Y. Zhou, C. Zhu, X. Zhu, M. Zurek, M. Zyzak
A precision measurement of the $K^{*0}$ meson yield is reported in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7,\; 11.5,\; 14.6,\; 19.6,$ and $27~\mathrm{GeV}$ using the high-statistics data sample collected by the STAR experiment during the Beam Energy Scan II (BES-II) program at RHIC. The transeverse momentum ($p_{T}$)-integrated yield ratios $(K^{*0} + \overline{K^{*0}})/(K^{+} + K^{-})$ in central collisions show a suppression relative to peripheral collisions at the $(1.7\text{-}3.6)\,σ$ level, while a thermal model without final-stage rescattering overpredicts this ratio with a deviation of $(6.9\text{-}8.2)\,σ$. These results indicate a loss of the measured $K^{*0}$ signal in central collisions due to re-scattering of its hadronic decay products in the hadronic phase. The $p_{T}$-integrated yield of charged kaons exhibits an approximate scaling with charged-particle multiplicity, independent of collision energy and system size. A similar trend is observed for the short-lived $K^{*0}$ resonance, although significant deviations emerge at lower energies. At BES energies, the $K^{*0}/K$ ratio shows stronger suppression than at the highest RHIC and LHC energies within a given multiplicity bin, particularly in central and mid-central collisions. This behavior is consistent with changes in the effective hadronic interaction cross section and is supported by transport model calculations, which indicate dominant meson-baryon interactions at lower energies and meson-meson interactions at higher energies.
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